All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

This article discusses the contribution of counting statistics to the uncertainty in identifying the net peak area, and in controlling detection limits. The method is applicable to spectrometers that ...

Every electronic circuit has some noise and it can affect both analog and digital circuits. Some noise comes from outside interference while some comes from random factors such as thermal effects.